Question 1

A pause after reinforcement followed by a high rate of responding until the next reinforcement is the characteristic effect of:

Accepted Answer

A) FI schedule 
B) VI schedule 
C) FR schedule 
D) FR/LH schedule 
A) FI schedule 
B) VI schedule 
C) FR schedule 
D) FR/LH schedule

Question 2

A factor influencing the effectiveness of punishment consists of minimizing the causes of the response to be punished.This is typically done by eliminating the SDs that prompt the undesirable behavior and eliminating reinforcement contingencies that have been maintaining it.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

The publications of the early 1960s within the operant orientation seem to have been characterized by which two features?

Accepted Answer

A) Much of it was done with very resistant populations, and many of the applications took place in natural, everyday settings. 
B) Much of it was done with very resistant populations, and many of the applications took place in highly controlled settings. 
C) Much of it was limited to populations that had already received successful input from traditional psychology, and was mostly applied in highly controlled settings. 
D) Much of it was limited to populations that had already received successful input from traditional psychology, and was mostly applied in natural, everyday settings. 
A) Much of it was done with very resistant populations, and many of the applications took place in natural, everyday settings. 
B) Much of it was done with very resistant populations, and many of the applications took place in highly controlled settings. 
C) Much of it was limited to populations that had already received successful input from traditional psychology, and was mostly applied in highly controlled settings. 
D) Much of it was limited to populations that had already received successful input from traditional psychology, and was mostly applied in natural, everyday settings.

Question 4

If you tell someone to stop eating candies and the person stops, then that would be an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) extinction 
B) spontaneous recovery 
C) contingency-shaped behavior 
D) rule-governed behavior 
A) extinction 
B) spontaneous recovery 
C) contingency-shaped behavior 
D) rule-governed behavior

Question 5

On a(n)_____schedule of reinforcement, responding by the individual before the time interval has passed has no programmed consequences.

Accepted Answer

A) spaced-responding DRL 
B) FI 
C) limited-responding DRL 
D) FD 
A) spaced-responding DRL 
B) FI 
C) limited-responding DRL 
D) FD

Question 6

Therapies that have proved to be effective in scientifically conducted clinical trials are referred to as empirically supported therapies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

The study of how psychological factors can influence or cause illness, and how people can be encouraged to practice healthy behavior so as to prevent health problems, is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A) Cognitive behavior therapy 
B) Stress therapy 
C) Treatment compliance 
D) Health Psychology 
A) Cognitive behavior therapy 
B) Stress therapy 
C) Treatment compliance 
D) Health Psychology

Question 8

One should obtain baseline data on the specific target behaviors before initiating a token economy.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

A____________ design calls for treatment to be introduced on a particular behavior sequentially across two or more individuals.

Accepted Answer

A) multiple-baseline across people 
B) multi-element 
C) multiple-baseline across behaviors 
D) sequential-introduction 
A) multiple-baseline across people 
B) multi-element 
C) multiple-baseline across behaviors 
D) sequential-introduction

Question 10

When a teacher demonstrates a correct behavior, the teacher is using a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) physical prompt 
B) environmental prompt 
C) verbal prompt 
D) modelling prompt 
A) physical prompt 
B) environmental prompt 
C) verbal prompt 
D) modelling prompt

Question 11

During the 1960s and 1970s, most of the major books and research papers in behavior modification and behavior therapy were based on developments in:

Accepted Answer

A) England 
B) South Africa 
C) the United States 
D) Canada 
A) England 
B) South Africa 
C) the United States 
D) Canada

Question 12

From a behavioral point of view, the term "ethics" refers to:

Accepted Answer

A) certain standards of behavior that are developed by a culture and that promote the survival of that culture 
B) the influence the controllee has on the controller by virtue of access to suitable reinforcers 
C) the degree of aversiveness involved in a given intervention 
D) a set of moral values adhered to by a culture 
A) certain standards of behavior that are developed by a culture and that promote the survival of that culture 
B) the influence the controllee has on the controller by virtue of access to suitable reinforcers 
C) the degree of aversiveness involved in a given intervention 
D) a set of moral values adhered to by a culture

Question 13

Which of the following is not a major category of prompts?

Accepted Answer

A) verbal prompts 
B) psychological prompts 
C) gestural prompts 
D) physical prompts 
A) verbal prompts 
B) psychological prompts 
C) gestural prompts 
D) physical prompts

Question 14

Behavior modifiers are cautious about using summary labels to refer to individuals or their actions because:

Accepted Answer

A) the label for the behavior is often used as a pseudo-explanation for the behavior 
B) labels can negatively affect the way an individual might be treated 
C) labeling may influence us to focus on an individual's problem behaviors rather than on his or her strengths 
D) all of the above 
A) the label for the behavior is often used as a pseudo-explanation for the behavior 
B) labels can negatively affect the way an individual might be treated 
C) labeling may influence us to focus on an individual's problem behaviors rather than on his or her strengths 
D) all of the above

Question 15

A parent tells a child, "If you clean your room every night before you go to bed this week, I'll take you to a movie on Saturday," and the child complies.This exemplifies:

Accepted Answer

A) situational inducement 
B) environmental prompting 
C) contingency-shaped behavior 
D) rule-governed behavior 
A) situational inducement 
B) environmental prompting 
C) contingency-shaped behavior 
D) rule-governed behavior

Question 16

Behavior that has been reinforced on a continuous reinforcement schedule is more persistent during extinction than behavior that has been reinforced on an intermittent reinforcement schedule.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

In training programs in which reinforcers are dispensed frequently, it's best to use a small amount of the reinforcer on any one trial in order to:

Accepted Answer

A) let the client know that there's more to come 
B) minimize satiation and maximize the number of trials in a training session 
C) ensure that the program is cost-effective 
D) prevent the client from becoming greedy 
A) let the client know that there's more to come 
B) minimize satiation and maximize the number of trials in a training session 
C) ensure that the program is cost-effective 
D) prevent the client from becoming greedy

Question 18

The influential book Case Studies in Behavior Modification was edited by:

Accepted Answer

A) Skinner 
B) Ullmann and Krasner 
C) Eysenck 
D) Ayllon and Michael 
A) Skinner 
B) Ullmann and Krasner 
C) Eysenck 
D) Ayllon and Michael

Question 19

When a teacher alters the characteristics of the SD or the S∆ to make them more noticeable and therefore easier to discriminate during discrimination training with a child, the teacher is using a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) extra-stimulus prompt 
B) physical prompt 
C) within-stimulus prompt 
D) modelling prompt 
A) extra-stimulus prompt 
B) physical prompt 
C) within-stimulus prompt 
D) modelling prompt

Question 20

"Do your best" goals are more effective than specific challenging goals.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 31: Shaping and Schedules of Reinforcement: A Comprehensive Guide

A pause after reinforcement followed by a high rate of responding until the next reinforcement is the characteristic effect of:

A factor influencing the effectiveness of punishment consists of minimizing the causes of the response to be punished.This is typically done by eliminating the SDs that prompt the undesirable behavior and eliminating reinforcement contingencies that have been maintaining it.

The publications of the early 1960s within the operant orientation seem to have been characterized by which two features?

If you tell someone to stop eating candies and the person stops, then that would be an example of:

On a(n)_____schedule of reinforcement, responding by the individual before the time interval has passed has no programmed consequences.

Therapies that have proved to be effective in scientifically conducted clinical trials are referred to as empirically supported therapies.

The study of how psychological factors can influence or cause illness, and how people can be encouraged to practice healthy behavior so as to prevent health problems, is referred to as:

One should obtain baseline data on the specific target behaviors before initiating a token economy.

A____________ design calls for treatment to be introduced on a particular behavior sequentially across two or more individuals.

When a teacher demonstrates a correct behavior, the teacher is using a(n):

During the 1960s and 1970s, most of the major books and research papers in behavior modification and behavior therapy were based on developments in:

From a behavioral point of view, the term "ethics" refers to:

Which of the following is not a major category of prompts?

Behavior modifiers are cautious about using summary labels to refer to individuals or their actions because:

A parent tells a child, "If you clean your room every night before you go to bed this week, I'll take you to a movie on Saturday," and the child complies.This exemplifies:

Behavior that has been reinforced on a continuous reinforcement schedule is more persistent during extinction than behavior that has been reinforced on an intermittent reinforcement schedule.

In training programs in which reinforcers are dispensed frequently, it's best to use a small amount of the reinforcer on any one trial in order to:

The influential book Case Studies in Behavior Modification was edited by:

When a teacher alters the characteristics of the SD or the S∆ to make them more noticeable and therefore easier to discriminate during discrimination training with a child, the teacher is using a(n):

"Do your best" goals are more effective than specific challenging goals.

Introduction

Areas of Application: an Overview

Respondent Classical, Pavlovian Conditioning of Reflexive Behavior

Increasing a Behavior With Positive Reinforcement

Increasing Behavior With Conditioned Reinforcement

Decreasing a Behavior With Operant Extinction

Getting a New Behavior to Occur With Shaping

Developing Behavioral Persistence With Schedules of Reinforcement

Responding at the Right Time and Place: Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization

Changing the Stimulus Control of a Behavior With Fading

Getting a New Sequence of Behaviors to Occur With Behavior Chaining

Differential Reinforcement Procedures to Decrease Behavior

Decreasing Behavior With Punishment

Establishing Behavior by Escape and Avoidance Conditioning

Respondent and Operant Conditioning Together

Transferring Behavior to New Settings and Making It Last: Generality of Behavior Change

Antecedent Control: Rules and Goals

Antecedent Control: Modeling, Guidance, and Situational Inducement

Antecedent Control: Motivation

Behavioral Assessment: Initial Considerations

Direct Behavioral Assessment: What to Record and How

Doing Behavior Modification Research

Functional Assessment of Problem Behavior

Planning, Applying, and Evaluating a Behavioral Program

Token Economies

Helping an Individual to Develop Self-Control

Approaches to Behavior Therapy: Cognitive Restructuring; Self-Directed Coping Methods; and Mindfulness and Acceptance Procedures

Psychological Disorders Treated by Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies

Giving It All Some Perspective: a Brief History

Ethical Issues

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