Question 1

Behavior is, essentially, anything a person does or says.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

A potential problem with the ____________design is that one of the treatments may produce an effect either because of a contrast to the other treatment in alternating sessions or because of generalization of treatments across conditions.

Accepted Answer

A) multiple-baseline 
B) multi-element 
C) reversal-replication 
D) changing criterion 
A) multiple-baseline 
B) multi-element 
C) reversal-replication 
D) changing criterion

Question 3

Withdrawal of punishing events causes an emotion called anxiety.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Stronger conditioning occurs if the CS just follows the US by up to a few seconds, rather than by preceding the US.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

It is possible to use the alternating treatments design to study topographically different forms of the behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

It appears that the presence of rule-governed behavior in humans influences them to make interpretations about schedules of reinforcement that generate behavior patterns that are different from those caused by the same schedules when applied to animals.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Another name for a multi-element design is____________ design.

Accepted Answer

A) alternating-treatments 
B) multiple-baseline 
C) reversal-replication 
D) changing-criterion 
A) alternating-treatments 
B) multiple-baseline 
C) reversal-replication 
D) changing-criterion

Question 8

Behavioral assessment seeks to:

Accepted Answer

A) determine the underlying mental disturbance responsible for behavioral symptoms 
B) identify the type of mental disorder assumed to underlie particular patterns of abnormal behavior 
C) identify potential controlling variables of problem behaviors, and select behavioral treatment 
D) determine the necessary intelligence level of potential clients as a prerequisite to behavior modification programs 
A) determine the underlying mental disturbance responsible for behavioral symptoms 
B) identify the type of mental disorder assumed to underlie particular patterns of abnormal behavior 
C) identify potential controlling variables of problem behaviors, and select behavioral treatment 
D) determine the necessary intelligence level of potential clients as a prerequisite to behavior modification programs

Question 9

Many self-control problems occur because individuals lack will power.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

DRA refers to a schedule in which a behavior that is different from, but not necessarily incompatible with, the problem behavior is reinforced and the problem behavior is extinguished.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

A procedure that involves extinction of a problem behavior, combined with reinforcing a behavior that is topographically dissimilar to, but not necessarily incompatible with the problem behavior is known as a:

Accepted Answer

A) DRL schedule 
B) DRA schedule 
C) DRO schedule 
D) DRI schedule 
A) DRL schedule 
B) DRA schedule 
C) DRO schedule 
D) DRI schedule

Question 12

A behavior modifier might determine whether or not a client's behavior might be easily generalized and maintained by assessing:

Accepted Answer

A) whether or not the problem has a medical cause 
B) whether or not there are reinforcers and/or people in the natural environment to maintain the desired behavior 
C) if the problem can be reduced to a specific set of behaviors that can be counted, timed, or measured 
D) if the problem behavior has been occurring for a short time and under narrow stimulus control 
A) whether or not the problem has a medical cause 
B) whether or not there are reinforcers and/or people in the natural environment to maintain the desired behavior 
C) if the problem can be reduced to a specific set of behaviors that can be counted, timed, or measured 
D) if the problem behavior has been occurring for a short time and under narrow stimulus control

Question 13

The term "behavior therapy," rather than the term "behavior modification," tends to be used by behavior specialists in schools and homes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Baseline of self-abusive behavior is taken in a session room and on a ward.Treatment for self-abuse is then introduced in the session room, and baseline is continued on the ward.Then, treatment is applied in the session room and the ward.This is a(n)____________design.

Accepted Answer

A) ABAB 
B) multiple-baseline across behaviors 
C) ABAC 
D) multiple-baseline across situations 
A) ABAB 
B) multiple-baseline across behaviors 
C) ABAC 
D) multiple-baseline across situations

Question 15

Over time, successive changes are introduced in the behavioral requirement for treatment, and the effects of these changes are observed on the treated behavior.This is a ____________design.

Accepted Answer

A) multi-element 
B) changing criterion 
C) multiple-baseline across behaviors 
D) multiple-baseline across situations 
A) multi-element 
B) changing criterion 
C) multiple-baseline across behaviors 
D) multiple-baseline across situations

Question 16

When the session is divided into intervals and reinforcement is given at the end of each interval in which the number of responses do not exceed some specified limit, then a(n)_______________________schedule is being applied.

Accepted Answer

A) VI/LH 
B) spaced-responding DRO 
C) DRA 
D) limited-responding DRL 
A) VI/LH 
B) spaced-responding DRO 
C) DRA 
D) limited-responding DRL

Question 17

What two approaches assume that a client's difficulty is caused by some type of inappropriate thought pattern and the problem may stem from the client's tendency to exaggerate unpleasant things?

Accepted Answer

A) Beck's cognitive therapy and Ellis's REBT 
B) Ellis's RET and Meichenbaum's self-instructional approach 
C) Beck's cognitive therapy and Meichenbaum's self-instructional approach 
D) Ellis's cognitive therapy and Beck's RET 
A) Beck's cognitive therapy and Ellis's REBT 
B) Ellis's RET and Meichenbaum's self-instructional approach 
C) Beck's cognitive therapy and Meichenbaum's self-instructional approach 
D) Ellis's cognitive therapy and Beck's RET

Question 18

The two major assumptions of cognitive therapy are that individuals interpret and react to events in terms of their perceived significance, and that cognitive deficiencies can cause emotional disorders.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Who developed PSI, a behavior modification approach to university teaching?

Accepted Answer

A) Skinner 
B) Ullmann and Krasner 
C) Fuller 
D) Keller 
A) Skinner 
B) Ullmann and Krasner 
C) Fuller 
D) Keller

Question 20

Self-help manuals are more effective with the control of smoking and overeating than they are for overcoming depression and anxiety.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 31: Shaping and Schedules of Reinforcement: A Comprehensive Guide

Behavior is, essentially, anything a person does or says.

A potential problem with the ____________design is that one of the treatments may produce an effect either because of a contrast to the other treatment in alternating sessions or because of generalization of treatments across conditions.

Withdrawal of punishing events causes an emotion called anxiety.

Stronger conditioning occurs if the CS just follows the US by up to a few seconds, rather than by preceding the US.

It is possible to use the alternating treatments design to study topographically different forms of the behavior.

It appears that the presence of rule-governed behavior in humans influences them to make interpretations about schedules of reinforcement that generate behavior patterns that are different from those caused by the same schedules when applied to animals.

Another name for a multi-element design is____________ design.

Behavioral assessment seeks to:

Many self-control problems occur because individuals lack will power.

DRA refers to a schedule in which a behavior that is different from, but not necessarily incompatible with, the problem behavior is reinforced and the problem behavior is extinguished.

A procedure that involves extinction of a problem behavior, combined with reinforcing a behavior that is topographically dissimilar to, but not necessarily incompatible with the problem behavior is known as a:

A behavior modifier might determine whether or not a client's behavior might be easily generalized and maintained by assessing:

The term "behavior therapy," rather than the term "behavior modification," tends to be used by behavior specialists in schools and homes.

Baseline of self-abusive behavior is taken in a session room and on a ward.Treatment for self-abuse is then introduced in the session room, and baseline is continued on the ward.Then, treatment is applied in the session room and the ward.This is a(n)____________design.

Over time, successive changes are introduced in the behavioral requirement for treatment, and the effects of these changes are observed on the treated behavior.This is a ____________design.

When the session is divided into intervals and reinforcement is given at the end of each interval in which the number of responses do not exceed some specified limit, then a(n)_______________________schedule is being applied.

What two approaches assume that a client's difficulty is caused by some type of inappropriate thought pattern and the problem may stem from the client's tendency to exaggerate unpleasant things?

The two major assumptions of cognitive therapy are that individuals interpret and react to events in terms of their perceived significance, and that cognitive deficiencies can cause emotional disorders.

Who developed PSI, a behavior modification approach to university teaching?

Self-help manuals are more effective with the control of smoking and overeating than they are for overcoming depression and anxiety.

Introduction

Areas of Application: an Overview

Respondent Classical, Pavlovian Conditioning of Reflexive Behavior

Increasing a Behavior With Positive Reinforcement

Increasing Behavior With Conditioned Reinforcement

Decreasing a Behavior With Operant Extinction

Getting a New Behavior to Occur With Shaping

Developing Behavioral Persistence With Schedules of Reinforcement

Responding at the Right Time and Place: Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization

Changing the Stimulus Control of a Behavior With Fading

Getting a New Sequence of Behaviors to Occur With Behavior Chaining

Differential Reinforcement Procedures to Decrease Behavior

Decreasing Behavior With Punishment

Establishing Behavior by Escape and Avoidance Conditioning

Respondent and Operant Conditioning Together

Transferring Behavior to New Settings and Making It Last: Generality of Behavior Change

Antecedent Control: Rules and Goals

Antecedent Control: Modeling, Guidance, and Situational Inducement

Antecedent Control: Motivation

Behavioral Assessment: Initial Considerations

Direct Behavioral Assessment: What to Record and How

Doing Behavior Modification Research

Functional Assessment of Problem Behavior

Planning, Applying, and Evaluating a Behavioral Program

Token Economies

Helping an Individual to Develop Self-Control

Approaches to Behavior Therapy: Cognitive Restructuring; Self-Directed Coping Methods; and Mindfulness and Acceptance Procedures

Psychological Disorders Treated by Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies

Giving It All Some Perspective: a Brief History

Ethical Issues

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