Question 1

When a behavior must occur before a reinforcer will be presented, we say that the reinforcer is__________-upon that behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) noncontingent 
B) contingent 
C) direct-acting 
D) indirect-acting 
A) noncontingent 
B) contingent 
C) direct-acting 
D) indirect-acting

Question 2

The treatment program is referred to as the dependent variable and the behavior being treated is referred to as the independent variable.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

A conditioned stimulus (e.g., the sound of a bell)is no longer followed by the taste of food. After several trials, the conditioned response of salivating no longer occurs at the sound of the bell.This is referred to as __________?

Accepted Answer

A) spontaneous recovery 
B) respondent conditioning 
C) respondent extinction 
D) response generalization 
A) spontaneous recovery 
B) respondent conditioning 
C) respondent extinction 
D) response generalization

Question 4

A practical advantage of a VI/LH schedule over an FI/LH schedule is that on a VI/LH schedule:

Accepted Answer

A) the behavior is not influenced by outside distractors 
B) there are very frequent although small pauses spread uniformly throughout the interval 
C) it is easy to monitor the amount of time spent producing the desirable behavior 
D) there is little or no pausing at the beginning of each interval 
A) the behavior is not influenced by outside distractors 
B) there are very frequent although small pauses spread uniformly throughout the interval 
C) it is easy to monitor the amount of time spent producing the desirable behavior 
D) there is little or no pausing at the beginning of each interval

Question 5

Searching for variables that might be responsible for causing a problem behavior is referred to as a:

Accepted Answer

A) descriptive analysis 
B) functional assessment 
C) psychodiagnostic assessment 
D) behavioral assessment 
A) descriptive analysis 
B) functional assessment 
C) psychodiagnostic assessment 
D) behavioral assessment

Question 6

A door-to-door salesperson is reinforced on a VI schedule in that a sale is made after some unpredictable number of responses.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

A common example of response cost that is applied as a punishment by parents to their children is sending children to their room as a punisher for undesirable behavior emitted elsewhere in the house.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

The more reinforcement that occurs in a given situation in which a response is reinforced, the more resistant to disruption that response will be in that situation.This is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A) response generalization 
B) behavioral momentum 
C) stimulus generalization 
D) behavior maintenance 
A) response generalization 
B) behavioral momentum 
C) stimulus generalization 
D) behavior maintenance

Question 9

Repeatedly pairing an undesirable reinforcer with an aversive event, such as pairing alcohol with a drug that elicits vomiting, is the basic procedure of:

Accepted Answer

A) operant conditioning 
B) aversion therapy 
C) respondent extinction 
D) counterconditioning 
A) operant conditioning 
B) aversion therapy 
C) respondent extinction 
D) counterconditioning

Question 10

Behavioral assessment views test performance as a sign of an enduring intrapsychic trait.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

When several neutral stimuli precede a US, the stimulus that is most consistently associated with the US is the one most likely to become a strong CS.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Behavior Analysis refers to:

Accepted Answer

A) behavior modification in which there is typically an attempt to analyze or clearly demonstrate controlling variables 
B) the scientific study of laws that govern the behavior of human beings and other animals 
C) behavioral treatment carried out on dysfunctional behavior 
D) behavior modification that focuses on overt behaviors that are of social significance 
A) behavior modification in which there is typically an attempt to analyze or clearly demonstrate controlling variables 
B) the scientific study of laws that govern the behavior of human beings and other animals 
C) behavioral treatment carried out on dysfunctional behavior 
D) behavior modification that focuses on overt behaviors that are of social significance

Question 13

Movements a teacher makes without touching the student in order to evoke a desired behavior are called "gestural" prompts.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

A primary reinforcer is a reinforcer that is based on a number of different back-up reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

The most influential of the social learning theorists has been:

Accepted Answer

A) Skinner 
B) Bandura 
C) Wolpe 
D) Lazarus 
A) Skinner 
B) Bandura 
C) Wolpe 
D) Lazarus

Question 16

Which of the following types of treatment work best with obsessive-compulsive disorders?

Accepted Answer

A) flooding in imagination of the feared situation in order to elicit the obsessive-compulsive behavior 
B) cognitive restructuring 
C) exposure to the feared situation in order to elicit the obsessive-compulsive behavior 
D) exposure to the feared situation while preventing the compulsive behavior from occurring 
A) flooding in imagination of the feared situation in order to elicit the obsessive-compulsive behavior 
B) cognitive restructuring 
C) exposure to the feared situation in order to elicit the obsessive-compulsive behavior 
D) exposure to the feared situation while preventing the compulsive behavior from occurring

Question 17

The availability of significant others is often important to implementing a behavioral program, but not typically valuable for programming generality.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Agoraphobia is a type of:

Accepted Answer

A) personality disorder 
B) anxiety disorder 
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder 
D) depressive disorder 
A) personality disorder 
B) anxiety disorder 
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder 
D) depressive disorder

Question 19

A primary conclusion of a commission of APA concerning ethical issues in behavior modification was that persons engaged in any type of psychological intervention should:

Accepted Answer

A) have a minimum of three years supervised clinical experience 
B) have a Ph.D.in psychology from a recognized university 
C) subscribe to and follow the ethics codes and standards of their professions 
D) be a member of the American Psychological Association 
A) have a minimum of three years supervised clinical experience 
B) have a Ph.D.in psychology from a recognized university 
C) subscribe to and follow the ethics codes and standards of their professions 
D) be a member of the American Psychological Association

Question 20

The introductory psychology text titled Principles of Psychology, which discussed traditional topics in psychology primarily in terms of operant conditioning principles, was written by:

Accepted Answer

A) Skinner 
B) Keller and Schoenfeld 
C) Wolpe 
D) Pavlov 
A) Skinner 
B) Keller and Schoenfeld 
C) Wolpe 
D) Pavlov

Exam 31: Shaping and Schedules of Reinforcement: A Comprehensive Guide

When a behavior must occur before a reinforcer will be presented, we say that the reinforcer is__________-upon that behavior.

The treatment program is referred to as the dependent variable and the behavior being treated is referred to as the independent variable.

A conditioned stimulus (e.g., the sound of a bell)is no longer followed by the taste of food. After several trials, the conditioned response of salivating no longer occurs at the sound of the bell.This is referred to as __________?

A practical advantage of a VI/LH schedule over an FI/LH schedule is that on a VI/LH schedule:

Searching for variables that might be responsible for causing a problem behavior is referred to as a:

A door-to-door salesperson is reinforced on a VI schedule in that a sale is made after some unpredictable number of responses.

A common example of response cost that is applied as a punishment by parents to their children is sending children to their room as a punisher for undesirable behavior emitted elsewhere in the house.

The more reinforcement that occurs in a given situation in which a response is reinforced, the more resistant to disruption that response will be in that situation.This is referred to as:

Repeatedly pairing an undesirable reinforcer with an aversive event, such as pairing alcohol with a drug that elicits vomiting, is the basic procedure of:

Behavioral assessment views test performance as a sign of an enduring intrapsychic trait.

When several neutral stimuli precede a US, the stimulus that is most consistently associated with the US is the one most likely to become a strong CS.

Behavior Analysis refers to:

Movements a teacher makes without touching the student in order to evoke a desired behavior are called "gestural" prompts.

A primary reinforcer is a reinforcer that is based on a number of different back-up reinforcers.

The most influential of the social learning theorists has been:

Which of the following types of treatment work best with obsessive-compulsive disorders?

The availability of significant others is often important to implementing a behavioral program, but not typically valuable for programming generality.

Agoraphobia is a type of:

A primary conclusion of a commission of APA concerning ethical issues in behavior modification was that persons engaged in any type of psychological intervention should:

The introductory psychology text titled Principles of Psychology, which discussed traditional topics in psychology primarily in terms of operant conditioning principles, was written by:

Introduction

Areas of Application: an Overview

Respondent Classical, Pavlovian Conditioning of Reflexive Behavior

Increasing a Behavior With Positive Reinforcement

Increasing Behavior With Conditioned Reinforcement

Decreasing a Behavior With Operant Extinction

Getting a New Behavior to Occur With Shaping

Developing Behavioral Persistence With Schedules of Reinforcement

Responding at the Right Time and Place: Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization

Changing the Stimulus Control of a Behavior With Fading

Getting a New Sequence of Behaviors to Occur With Behavior Chaining

Differential Reinforcement Procedures to Decrease Behavior

Decreasing Behavior With Punishment

Establishing Behavior by Escape and Avoidance Conditioning

Respondent and Operant Conditioning Together

Transferring Behavior to New Settings and Making It Last: Generality of Behavior Change

Antecedent Control: Rules and Goals

Antecedent Control: Modeling, Guidance, and Situational Inducement

Antecedent Control: Motivation

Behavioral Assessment: Initial Considerations

Direct Behavioral Assessment: What to Record and How

Doing Behavior Modification Research

Functional Assessment of Problem Behavior

Planning, Applying, and Evaluating a Behavioral Program

Token Economies

Helping an Individual to Develop Self-Control

Approaches to Behavior Therapy: Cognitive Restructuring; Self-Directed Coping Methods; and Mindfulness and Acceptance Procedures

Psychological Disorders Treated by Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies

Giving It All Some Perspective: a Brief History

Ethical Issues

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